 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Sains Malaysiana 53(8)(2024): 1913-1924
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5308-15
Kandungan Fitokimia, Aktiviti Antioksidan,
Antihiperglisemia dan Antikegemukan Ekstrak Daun Annona muricata dengan
Kekutuban Berbeza
(Phytochemical Content,
Antioxidant, Antihyperglycemic, and Antiobesity Activities of Annona
muricata Leaf Extract with Different Polarities)
1Department
of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
2Innovation
Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
3Institute
of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi,
Selangor, Malaysia
Received: 3 October 2023/Accepted:
13 June 2024
Abstrak
Annona muricata atau durian belanda adalah sejenis tumbuhan yang berada
daripada famili Annonaceae, sering digunakan sebagai ubat tradisi untuk
merawat pelbagai penyakit termasuk kanser, artritis dan malaria. Tumbuhan herba ini mengandungi sebatian bioaktif yang
berpolar dan tidak berpolar. Penggunaan
pelarut yang sesuai amat penting untuk mengekstrak sebatian bioaktif yang
diinginkan dan juga mempengaruhi bioaktiviti ekstrak tersebut. Oleh itu,
penyelidikan ini dijalankan untuk menentukan kesan pengekstrakan menggunakan
pelarut berbeza polariti iaitu 70% metanol, etil asetat dan n-heksana terhadap
aktiviti antioksidan, anti-lipase serta perencatan α-glukosidase ekstrak A. muricata. Selain itu, sebatian
bioaktif yang menyumbang kepada bioaktiviti yang dikaji dikenal pasti
menggunakan kromatografi cecair-spektrometer jisim (LC-MS). Dalam kajian ini,
penentuan jumlah kandungan fenolik dalam ekstrak daun A. muricata dilakukan. Aktiviti antioksidan ekstrak daun A. muricata dinilai dengan ujian
penyingkiran radikal bebas 2,2-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) manakala
aktiviti antihiperglisemik dan aktiviti anti-lipase dikaji dengan ujian
perencatan α-glukosidase dan ujian perencatan lipase pankreas. Sampel
yang diekstrak dengan etil asetat menunjukkan nilai IC50 terendah
secara signifikan (p<0.05) pada aktiviti antioksidan (35.31 ± 2.74 µg/mL),
aktiviti anti-hiperglisemik (32.11 ± 4.62 µg/mL) serta anti-lipase (215.92 ±
13.25 µg/mL) berbanding dengan ekstrak 70% metanol dan n-heksana. Sampel tersebut juga menunjukkan kandungan fenolik yang
tinggi iaitu sebanyak 46.40 ± 1.95 mg GAE/g ekstrak. Korelasi negatif
antara TPC dengan nilai IC50 DPPH dan anti-hiperglisemik menunjukkan
sebatian fenolik bertanggungjawab terhadap aktiviti antioksidan dan
anti-hiperglisemik. Sebanyak 13 sebatian
bioaktif termasuk kaemferol, kuersetin-3-O-glikosida dan kuersetin telah
dikenal pasti melalui analisis LC-MS. Berdasarkan
kepada kajian, etil asetat adalah
pelarut yang paling baik untuk melarutkan sebatian aktif pada daun A. muricata berbanding dengan 70% metanol dan n-heksana. Hasil kajian juga menunjukkan keupayaan daun A. muricata untuk dibangunkan sebagai
makanan fungsian atau ubat-ubatan bagi mencegah atau mengubati diabetes dan
mengawal obesiti.
Kata
kunci: Annona muricata; anti-lipase; fenolik; makanan fungsian
Abstract
Annona muricata or Soursop is a plant that belongs to the
family Annonaceae and used as traditional medicine to
treat many diseases such as cancer, arthritis, and malaria. Medicinal plants
contain bioactive compounds in polar and non-polar form. The use of suitable
solvent in extraction is important to extract the desired bioactive compounds
and it also influences the biological activities of the extract. Therefore,
this study is carried out to determine the effect of solvent polarity (70%
methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane) on antioxidant, anti-hyperglycaemic and
anti-obesity activities. Besides, the bioactive compounds that contribute to
the biological activities are identified using liquid chromatography - mass
spectrometer (LC-MS). The phenolic content of A. muricata leave extracts is determined
in this study using total phenolic content (TPC). The antioxidant activity is
determined by DPPH free radical scavenging assay while the anti-hyperglycaemic
and anti-lipase activities were conducted by α-glucosidase and
pancreatic lipase inhibition assays, respectively. Samples extracted with ethyl
acetate showed the significantly lowest IC50 for antioxidant
activity (35.31 ± 2.74 µg/mL), anti-hyperglycaemic activity (32.11 ± 4.62
µg/mL) and anti-lipase assay (215.92 ± 13.25 µg/mL). The same extract also
exhibited high phenolic content (46.40 ± 1.95 mg GAE/g extracts). The negative
correlation between TPC and DPPH and anti-hyperglycaemic activity showed that
the phenolic compounds may be responsible for the antioxidant and
anti-hyperglycaemic activities. In total, 13
bioactive compounds including kaemferol,
quercetin-3-O-glucoside and quercetin were identified using LC-MS. This study
showed that ethyl acetate is the best solvent to dissolve the active compounds
in A. muricata leave extracts. This study also showed that A. muricata leave has the potential to become
functional food or natural medicine to prevent or cure diabetes and used in the
management of obesity.
Keywords: Annona muricata; anti-lipase;
functional food; phenolic
REFERENCES
Abdel-Hady,
H., Eman, A.E. & Morsi, E.A. 2019. Characterization of ethyl acetate and
methanol extracts of Commiphora myrrha and evaluating in vitro anti-diabetic and anti-obesiti activities. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 9(9): 38-44.
Adewole, S.O. & Caxton-Martins, E.A. 2006. Morpholigical changes and hypoglemic effects of Annona muricata Linn. (Annonaceae) leaf aqueous extract on pancreatic B-cells of streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats. African Journal of Biomedical Research 9: 173-187. Abdul Wahab, S.M., Jantan, I., Haque, M.A. & Arshad, L. 2018. Exploring the leaves of Annona muricata L. as a source of potential anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents. Frontiers in Pharmacology 9: 661.
Ain Ibrahim, N.N., Kamal, N., Mediani, A., Sajak, A.A.B., Lee,
S.Y., Shaari, K. & Rahman, H.A. 2023. 1H
NMR-based metabolomics approach revealing metabolite variation of black
turmeric (Curcuma caesia) extracts and
correlation with its antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Food
Technology and Biotechnology 61(1): 104-117.
Arroyo, J., Jaime, M., Ronceros Gerardo, R.P.
& Aníbal, V. 2009. Hypoglycemic effect adjuvant
extract ethanolic leaf Annona muricata (guanábana), in
patients with diabetes type 2 in treatment of glibenclamide. Anales de la Facultad de Medicina 70: 163-167.
Arshad, Z., Sofian-Seng, N.S., Afzan, A., Misnan,
N.M., Alias, N., Kamal, N., Mediani, A. & Rahman,
H.A. 2024. Anti-obesity
potential of Polygonum minus Huds.: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. International
Journal of Food Science & Technology https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.17090
Asare,
G.A., Afriyie, D., Ngala, R.A., Abutiate, H., Doku, D., Mahmood, S.A. &
Rahman, H. 2014. Antiproliferative activity of aqueous leaf extract of Annona muricata L. on the prostate,
BPH-1 cells, and some target genes. Integrative
Cancer Therapies 14(1): 65-74.
Biba,
V.S., Amily, A., Sangeetha, S. & Remani, P. 2014. Anticancer, antioxidant
and antimicrobial activity of Annonaceae family. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3(3):
1595-1604.
Boadi,
W.Y. & Lo, A. 2018. Effects of quercetin, kaempferol and exogenous
glutathione on phospho- and total-AKT in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Journal of Diet Supplementary 159(6):
814-826.
Carmona,
A.P., Silva-Beltran, N.P., Galvez-Ruiz, J., Ruiz-Cruz, S., Chaidez-Quiroz, C.
& Moran-Palacio, E.F. 2020. Antiviral, antioxidant, and antihermolytic
effect of Annona muricata L. leaves
extracts. Plants (Basel) 9(12): 1650.
Cho, W.Y., Kim, D.H., Lee, H.J., Yeon, S.J. & Lee, C.H. 2020. Evaluation of effect of extraction solvent on selected properties of olive leaf extract. Journal of Food Quality 2020: 3013649. Dantas, E.P., Monteiro, J., Medeiros, L.S.D., Romanelli, M.M., Amaral, M., Tempone, A.G., Lago, J.H.G., Soares, M.G. & Sartorelli, P. 2020. Dereplication of aporphine alkaloids by UHPLC-HR-ESI-MS/MS and NMR from Duguetia lanceolata St.-Hil (Annonaceae) and antiparasitic activity evaluation. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 31(9): 1908-1916.
de Moraes, M.R., Godoy, H.T., Ryan, S.M. & Thomas, A.L. 2020. Phenolics compounds and metals in some edible annonaceae fruits. Biological Trace Element Research 197: 676-682. Du,
J., Zhong, B., Subbiah, V., Barrow, C.J., Dunshea, F.R. & Suleria, H.A.R.
2021. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS profiling and antioxidant activity of phenolics from
custard apple fruit and by-products. Separations 8(5): 62.
Fathallah,
A.A., Hanem, M.A., El-Kousy, S.M., Khaled, N.R. & Al-Sayed, N.H. 2014.
Phytochemical and biological investigations of Terminalia bellerica Roxb. leaves. Journal of Pharmacy Research 8(4): 500-510.
Ghorbani,
A. 2017. Mechanisms of antidiabetic effects of flavonoid rutin. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 96:
305-312.
Gonfa,
T., Teketle, S. & Kiros, T. 2020. Effect of extraction solvent on
qualitative and quantitative analysis of major phyto-constituents and in-vitro antioxidant activity evaluation
of Cadaba rotundifolia Forssk leaf
extracts. Cogent Food & Agriculture 6(1): 1853867.
Hassali, H.A., Gomathi, C., Bahrin, W.H.W., Adam, Z.,
Arapoc, D.J., Razali, R., Aziz, A.H. & Awang, K. 2022. Phytochemical evaluation and cytotoxic activities of stem bark and leaf
extracts of Mesua assamica. Sains Malaysiana51(10):
3237-3250.
Hellal,
K., Ahmed, M., Ismail, I.S., Tan, C.P. & Faridah, A. 2021. 1H-NMR-based
metabolomics and UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS for the investigation of bioactive compounds
from Lupinus albus fractions. Food Research International 140: 110046.
Huyut,
Z., Beydemir, S. & Gülçin, İ. 2017.
Antioxidant and antiradical properties of selected flavonoids and phenolic
compounds. Biochemistry Research
International 2017: 7616791.
Justino,
A.B., Miranda, N.C., Franco, R.R., Martins, M.M., da Silva, N.M. &
Espindola, F.S. 2018. Annona muricata Linn. leaf as a source of antioxidant compounds with in vitro antidiabetic and inhibitory potential against a-amylase, a-glucosidase, lipase,
non-enzymatic glycation and lipid peroxidation. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 100: 83-92.
Kasim, N., Afzan,
A., Mediani, A., Low, K.H., Ali, A.M., Mat, N., Wolfender, J.L. & Ismail, N.H. 2022. Correlation of
chemical profiles obtained from 1H‐NMR and LC–MS metabolomics
with α‐glucosidase inhibition activity for varietal selections of Ficus deltoidea. Phytochemical
Analysis 33(8): 1235-1245.
Khong,
H.Y., Mujibuddin, B.M. & Boonpisuttinant, K. 2019. Chemical analysis and
biological activities of Annona muricata leaves extract from Sarawak. Journal of
Engineering and Applied Sciences 14(3): 6042-6051.
Kim,
I., Yang, M., Lee, O. & Kang, S. 2011. Antioxidant activities of hot water
extracts from various spices. International
Journal of Molecular Science 12(6): 4120-4131.
Kumar,
N. & Goel, N. 2019. Phenolic acids: Natural versatile molecules with
promising therapeutic applications. Biotechnology
Reports (Amst) 24: 370.
Li, L.C., Rahman, H.A.,
Arshad, Z., Noorhadi, N.H., Razali,
N.S.M., Lim, S.J. & Sofian-Seng, N.S. 2022. Kesan kaedah pengeringan dan pelarut yang berbeza terhadap kandungan fenol, aktiviti antioksidan dan antihiperglisemik ekstrak rizom halia hutan (Alpinia mutica Roxb.). Sains Malaysiana 51(4): 1045-1059.
Li,
Q.Y., Zhou, F.C., Gao, F., Bian, J.S. & Shan, F. 2009. Comparative
evaluation of quercetin, isoquercetin and rutin as inhibitors of
alpha-glucosidase. Food Chemistry 57(24): 11463-11468.
Ling, J.W.A., Chang, L.S., Mohd Khalid, R., Wan Mustapha, W.A., Sofian Seng, N.S., Mohd Razali, N.S., Rahman, H.A. Mohd Zaini, N.A. & Lim, S.J.
2020. Sequential extraction of red button ginger (Costus woodsonii): Phytochemical screening and antioxidative activities. Journal of Food Processing and
Preservation 44(10): 1-11.
Magaji,
U.F., Sacan, O. & Yanardag, R. 2020. Alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase and
glycation inhibitory activity of Moringa
oleifera extracts. South African
Journal of Botany 128: 225-230.
McDougall,
G.J. & Stewart, D. 2005. The inhibitory effects of bery polyphenols on
digestive enzymes. Biofactors 23(4):
189-195.
Moghadamtousi,
S.Z., Dadaeinasab, M., Nikzad, S., Mohan, G., Mohd Ali, H. & Abdul Kadir,
H. 2015. Annona muricata (Annonaceae):
A review of its traditional uses, isolated acetogenins and biological
activities. International Journal of
Molecular Sciences 16(7): 15625-15658.
Mokhtar, N., Chang, L.S., Soon, Y., Mustapha, W.A.W., Sofian-Seng, N.S., Rahman, H.A., Razali, N.S.M., Shuib, S., Hamid, A.A. & Lim, S.J. 2021. Harvesting Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 using organic flocculants and characteristics of the extracted oil. Algal Research 54: 102211. Nawwar, M., Ayoub, N., Hussein, S., Hashim, A., El-Sharawy, R., Wende, K., Harms, M. & Lindequist, U. 2012. Flavonol triglycoside and investigation of the antioxidant and cell stimulating activities of Annona muricata Linn. Archives of Pharmacal Research 35: 761-767.
Ngo, T.V., Scarlett, C.J., Bowyer, M.C., Ngo, P.D. & Vuong, Q.V. 2017. Impact on different extraction solvents on bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity from the root of Salacia chinensis L. Journal of Food Quality https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9305047 Novaes, P., Ferreira, M.J.P. & Santos, D.Y.A. 2018. Flavonols from Annona coriacea Mart. (Annonaceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 78: 77-80
Oboh,
G., Agunloye, O.M., Adefegha, S.A., Akinyemi, A.J. & Ademiluyi, A.O. 2015.
Caffeic and chlorogenic acid inhibit key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes (in vitro): A comparative study. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and
Pharmacology 26(2): 165-170.
Oliveira,
A.P., Sa, I., Pereira, D.M., Goncalves, R.F., Andrale, P.B. & Valentao, P.
2017. Exploratory studies on the in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of
two herbal teas (Annona muricata L.
and Jasminum grandiflorum L.) and
relation with their phenolic composition. Chem.
Biodivers 14(6). doi: 10.1002/cbdv.201700002
Osorio-Tobon,
J.F. 2020. Recent advances and comparisons of conventional and alternative
extraction techniques of phenolic compounds. Journal of Food Science
Technology 57: 4299-4315.
Padmanabhan,
P. & Paliyath, G. 2016. Annonaceous fruits. Encyclopedia of Food and Health. pp. 169-173.
Qorina,
F., Arsianti, A., Fithrotunnisa, Q. & Tejaputri, N.A. 2019. Phytochemistry
and antioxidant activity of soursop (Annona muricata) leaves. International Journal of Applied
Pharmaceutics 11(6): 1-6.
Rahman, H.A., Saari, N., Abas, F., Ismail, A., Mumtaz,
M.W. & Abdul Hamid, A. 2017. Anti-obesity and antioxidant activities of
selected medicinal plants and phytochemical profiling of bioactive compounds. International
Journal of Food Properties 20(11): 2616-2629.
Sousa,
O.V., Vieira, G.D., Yamamoto, C.H. & Alves, M.S. 2010. Antinociceptive and
anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract of Annona muricata L. leaves in animal models. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 11(5): 2067-2078.
Sulaiman,
H., Roslida, A.H., Fezah, O., Tan, K.L., Tor, Y.S. & Tan, C.I. 2012.
Chemopreventive potential of Annona muricata L. leaves on
chemically-induced skin papillomagenesis in mice. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 13(6): 2533-2539.
Tran,
N., Pham, B. & Le, L. 2020. Bioactive compounds in anti-diabetic plants:
From herbal medicine to modern drug discovery. Biology 9: 252.
Truong,
D., Nguyen, D.H., Anh, N.T., Bui, A.V., Do, T.H. & Nguyen, H.C. 2019.
Evaluation of the use of different solvents for phytochemical constituents,
antioxidants, and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of Severinia buxifolia. Journal of Food Quality https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8178294
Uchegbu,
R.I., Ukpai, K.U., Iwu, I.C. & Akalazu, J.N. 2017. Evaluation of the
antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of the leaf extract of Annona muricata Linn (Soursop) grown in Eastern Nigeria. Archives of Current Research International 7(1): 1-7.
Ugochi,
N.I., Oluwasanmi, L.I. & Adesayo, A.S. 2019. Qualitative and quantitative
phytochemical evaluation and mineral contents of the leaf of Annona muricata. Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and
Allied Sciences 8(1): 2045-2051.
Usunomena,
U. & Paulinus, O.N. 2015. Phytochemical analysis and mineral composition of Annona muricata leaves. International Journal of Research and Current Development 1(1): 38-42.
Wakeel,
A., Sohail, S.J., Ullah, I., Shinwari, Z.K. & Xu, M. 2019. Solvent polarity
mediates phytochemical yield and antioxidant capacity of Isatis tinctoria. PeerJ 7: 7857.
Wang,
L., Xing, C., Xu, L. & Liu, G. 2018. Solubility of
2-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) pyridine and correlation with the polarity in
organic solvents at 273-303K. Russian
Journal of Physical Chemistry 92: 2204-2209.
Wan Nasir, W.N.H., Ibrahim, N.N.A., Hao, W.K., Sofian-Seng, N.S., Mustapha, W.A.W., Rahman,
H.A. & Sajak, A.A.B. 2021. Effects of different
drying methods and solvents on biological activities of Curcuma aeruginosa leaves extract. Sains Malaysiana 50(8): 2207-2218.
Yajid,
A.I., Ab Rahman, H.S., Wong, M.P.K. & Wan Zain, W.Z. 2018. Potential
benefits of Annona muricata in combating cancer: A review. Malaysian Journal of Medical Science 25(1): 5-15.
Yang,
C.H., Gundala, S.R., Mukkavilli, R., Vangala, S., Reid, M.D. & Aneja, R.
2015. Synergistic interactions among flavonoids and acetogenins in Graviola (Annona muricata) leaves confer protection against prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 36(6): 656-665.
Ye,
F., Liang, Q., Li, H. & Zhao, G. 2015. Solvent effects on phenolic content,
composition, and antioxidant activity of extracts from florets of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Industrial Crops and Products 76:
574-581.
Zhang,
Q.W., Lin, L.G. & Ye, W.C. 2018. Techniques for extraction and isolation of
natural products: A comprehensive review. Chinese
Medicine 13(1): 1-26.
*Corresponding author; email:
hafeedzarahman@ukm.edu.my
|
|||
|
